Behaviorism cognitivism and constructivism Essay

Behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All through history, education and philosophy have come out as ever-evolving pieces of disciplines that are not only interlinked, but also drivers of each other. This is because; education involves the process of passing down information from one informant to another person who will receive it. The way the knowledge or piece of information by the recipient or learner and the informant or teacher, forms the underlying features of the process of education and its overall effect on the society. In addition, there is evidence of numerous factions of educational disciplines that exist in the field and each requires a particular way or method of doing things. Natural sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, humanities and many other areas of educational learning that split from the mainstream disciplines as well as those that are discovered on a day to day basis in the continued development of ways to not only make education much easier, but also make the underlying mental and behavioral aspects.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, without philosophy, it is arguably deducible that education and learning would not be in existences today. Practically, education and learning is one of the most important aspects of human life whose absence is an imaginable. Apparently, it is the historical and the proceeding developments and transformations of the philosophical concepts that shape the kind of processes, developments as well as outcomes involved in education. The link between education, theories and philosophies   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is in this light that the study of the concepts of structuralism, constructivism, functionalism and the modern behaviorism and cognitivism leads to the understanding that these philosophical as well as empirical studies on educational and learning concepts brings about the result that there has been a progressive development and logical sequence of events in the philosophies which in turn end up bringing about a difference in the understanding of the elements of learning in educations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As such, this paper seeks to look deep into the basic definitions, concepts and effects of the cognitivism, behaviorism and constructivism. The process of this in-depth analysis is based on the basic players involved and the experiments that have been conducted as well as the other ones, which have the potential to prove the association of the elements. From the historical arenas of education processes to the modern conduction of education of various disciplines including aviation, it is possible for a well-crafted idea, full of valid data and logical relations and linking can be presented to bring about the achievement of this objective. In the end, it will be a requirement to join the dots that link these three concepts in such a way that the timeline and concept of use be made evident. With a broad look at each of the issues, the paper seeks to delve into the development and thus, delve into the proof that all these philosophies come ab out as a way of filling a loophole found in another or as a complimentary form of mitigation (Buckley, 1989). Behaviorism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prior to delving into the aspect of behaviorism, it is important to get in touch with the events and concepts that were developed way before this concept and how they have had an influence on the speed as well as the stepping stones for the procession to the eventual use of behaviorism as a way of discerning what happens and goes on in the learning and development process in education. The concepts of structuralism and functionalism have come out as being the key movers and shakers in this process (Kitchener & O’Donohue, 1999). For instance, the schools of thought bring out issues that are different but complimentary to each other such that one phenomenon in one is explained or illustrated by a concept in another. Structuralism is based on the basic nature of all that is in existence and how the basic and smallest particles of material such as atoms act in order to create a particular effect. In psychology therefore, this concept is used as a way of finding and understanding the internal processes of the mind as a way of knowing the human mental processes from the structural point of view. Functionalism, on the other hand, is a concept that seeks to come out with the principles of understanding the functional aspect of consciousness away from the structural perspective (Watson, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is from the foundations of the philosophers of the past who came up with experiments and concepts of structuralism and functionalism that the thinking process of creating behaviorism concepts. Having been first brought forth by the John Watson in the early 1900s, a plethora of written materials supported the idea that the study of behavior with a concentration on the extents to which the processes of actions and reaction come about are can be used to understand such concepts as those that influence human behavior (Kitchener & O’Donohue, 1999). Basically, this concept has its key focus on the two-way understanding of the multifaceted relation between a stimulus and a response to it. It is the endeavor of a good psychologist to understand how a stimulus, which is a specific action, event, or sensation that an organism is subjected to, the response on the individual. On the other hand, for the reaction or response of the subject, it should be possible to understand type, or better still, the specific stimulus that is responsible for the response (Buckley, 1989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a consequence of this, other affiliates and sub-branches of the conditioning and classical conditioning have come up as a result of myriads of empirical experiments. Thus, as Watson puts it, in a particular environments, well placed conditioned training as well as the little regard to phylogeny or potential, any individual organism is capable of becoming what they are expected, trained or conditioned to be (Watson, 2008). Cognitionism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whereas the concepts and principles of behaviorism have been used for a long time to come up with an understanding of the underlying and deep-seated issues in learning processes, there was need to understand the process of learning with the point of view that emanates from the study of the thought process, information processing and manipulation as well as the effects on learning. As such, from the early times of scientific and philosophical propositions, it is noted that the search of the understanding of the learning process is spotted with a spectra of footprints of scientists and scholars (Jahnke & Nowaczyk, 1998). Though they use a mixture of various earlier concepts, Charles Darwin’s evolution theory states that from the onset of existence of life, organisms have gone through changes within and without their species in a bid to participate equivalently in the competitive world of the survival for the fittest as well as Deweyâ €™s spiritual approach tend to agree on one thing; that organisms and human beings undergo gradual development and depending on the environment, there are possible modifications that come about in order for the organism to better live in their environments. It is for this reason that all eyes then focused into the exploring the key influencer of consciousness and thought as well as the varying effects that come from it (Shettleworth, 2010). Through a number of experiments, it was found that the though process and what affects it, play an important role in determining the learning ability, process and outcomes involved. Apparently, in as much as structuralism and functionalism come close to helping understand the internal process of learning; they are just basic foundations and stepping stones towards the understanding of behavioral, cognitive as well as constructivism. This means that even though Watson puts it across that through behavioral condition in a suitable environment, one can become whatever they are conditioned to be by learning, there are a few variations that can only be explained via the understanding of cognitive processes. Basically, it is a known fact that performance in assessment procedures and tests come out differently for different people. This is because there are a difference in the cognitive aspect of learning that is manifested in the motivation, age and level of intelligence, personality and other traits that influence an individual’s ability to learn. It is also of importance in the understanding of the processes that bring about the differences between the reflective and the impulsive persons as well as turning the stones covering the facts about crystallized and liquid intelligence. One of the most outstanding aspects of cognitivism is the fact that it is related to treatment and not stimuli as in behavioral models. As such, visual effects in learning process, signs, classroom structure, motivation and teaching methods are among the factors to consider when the subject is under study for the cognitive aspect of learning (Jahnke & Nowaczyk, 1998). Structuralism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notably observed as one of the most dominant forms of education theories that the modern arena of education is based, is presents itself as the latest used form of model by many. Constructivism is defined as the ability of the student or the learner to perceive a new piece of information, store it in the memory and add it to the already existing information in the memory such that the end result is a learning process that is composed of a knowledge based on various building blocks acquired over time. The student, having gone through experiences, read or learnt about the information prior to the current information learnt, is able to add up or relate the piece of information, makes a connection and derives a meaning or conclusion from it. As such, this method is seen as being one that links both the processes of learning involving practical and theory. Through this, it is more possible to the learner than ever before, for the learner to ful fill the main role of education; to make a meaning of life and the thing that surround the human race (Shettleworth, 2010). Application in the aviation industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Logical reasoning and actions that come as a result are of great importance in every working or professional environment. It is important to note that, some more than others, workforce environments require great precision, stability of the mind as well as accuracy of thought in the bid to bring about excellent completion of tasks or assignment. The aviation industry is one of such fields of work, which need great and well-regarded ways of doing things that will come out as evidently efficient and effective. It is for this reason that all involved in this process from their time of training and learning need to be percolated in terms of ability and mental acuity (Reed, 2007). Once this is done, all should be subjected to the widely ranging learning processes that are based on the models mentioned above. Through studying of the learning process with regard to behavior, spatial skills, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, a bility to link pieces of information and fix a problem in the shortest time possible, it is possible to come out with fully baked personnel for the field of work. Even though these methods of evaluating learning processes act as complimentary aspects of the others, it is important to note that many situations vary with what they demand from the person in charge. For this reason, subjection of the learning subject to each of them before evaluation of the ability to use all in combination is a vital idea for the potential personnel for the aviation industry. Moreover, it is through these educationally proven processes that one’s abilities, limitations can be determined, and recommendations made as to the kind of departments in which one is able to fit in. Generally, these educational theories and philosophies have logically evolved over time in a bid to bring about advancements in the field of education and learning process (Reed, 2007). References Buckley, K. W. (1989).  Mechanical man: John Broadus Watson and the beginnings of behaviorism. New York: Guilford Press. Jahnke, J. C., & Nowaczyk, R. H. (1998).  Cognition. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice-Hall. O’Donohue, W. T., & Kitchener, R. F. (1999).  Handbook of behaviorism. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press. Reed, S. K. (2007).  Cognition: Theory and applications. Australia: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Shettleworth, S. J. (2010).  Cognition, evolution, and behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Watson, J. B. (2008).  Behaviorism. Tucson, Ariz.?: West Press. Source document

Personal Space

Personal space was an idea first developed by German born Swedish psychologist David Katz in 1937. It is very often describes as an â€Å"emotionally charged bubble of space which surrounds each individual† or alternately â€Å"Personal space is the region surrounding a person which they regard as psychologically theirs. Most people value their personal space and feel discomfort, anger, or anxiety when their personal space is encroached.† On the other hand, some research suggests that the personal space bubble is not circular, but elliptical and so we can tolerate people coming closer to us at the side than front or behind.The 4 stages of a person’s Personal SpaceThis is a Proxemics Theory, which had been investigated by Edward T Hall in 1959, who describes a person’s personal space to be in 4 layers;Intimate distance for embracing, touching or whispering Close phase – less than 6 inches (15 cm) Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)The clo sest distance is generally the domain of those who have an intimate relationship with each other, but also includes situations where the social rules allow contact, for example in a wrestling match (Edward Hall distinguishes between near situations requiring body contact and far distances which require being very close but not in contact (whispering)). This distinction is rather artificial since whether contact occurs will depend on a variety of things such as the social and physical setting.Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family membersClose phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm) Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)This zone generally reserved for good friends or intimate partners in a social setting; the near aspect is generally reserved for couples or very close friends, whereas, the far phase is used by acquaintances or simple friends.Social distance for interactions among acquaintances Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m) Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)This is the zone where those who are not acquainted interact or where business transactions occur. The near distance would be used by those being introduced or for informal business transactions whereas the far phase would be reserved for more formal business processes.Public distance used for public speaking Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m) Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.It is subdivided into near phase such as the distance between a speaker and an audience, and the far phase being the distance for example between the public and an important public figure.This is an easy concept to understand; if anybody enters our bubble, then they are invading personal space.Invading Personal SpaceWhen somebody invades another person’s personal space it can make the person feel anxious, awkward, insecure, vulnerable, annoyed and uncomfortable simply because there is another person standing too close to them and makes t hem question the intensions of the invader.. The term â€Å"invasion† would generally only be used if the person â€Å"invading† it has not earned their place in one of the four layers. There are actually many psychological and physical effects that are activated when a person is getting too close to another and they cause people to behave a little different than usual, for example:Extreme self awareness – suddenly we forget how to act ‘naturally'.Limited movements and gestures.Reduced eye contact.Turning aside or away from the intruder.We'll usually immediately take a step back.Adopting a defensive position – folded arms, less smiles, frowning, tense posture.Stopping the conversation entirely.Factors that influence personal space:GenderMales interacting with other males require the largest interpersonal distance, Men are more territorial and aggressive by nature and will keep more distance from other men, but when it comes to women we will usually prefer to get a little closer. This is then followed by females interacting with other females, which requires a little less space and distance as compared to just two men, as investigated by Gifford in 1987. Women are also more sociable than men: they get social cues better, more emotionally expressive and are generally better than us men when it comes to emotional communication. It's only natural then that women will feel more comfortable being closer to each other than men. However it probably depends on the situation, or the relationship, or the age group and so on as well.CultureThis is perhaps the most important factor when it comes to investigating the difference in invasion of personal space. Hall (1959) identified the importance of cultural variation. He suggested that while all cultures use personal space to communicate, and tend to conform to the different categories, the size of the space within the categories varies across cultures. Hall also identified the essential is sue in inter-cultural difference as the tendency to interpret invasions of personal space as an indication of aggression.Some international examples of this are: ‘Distant' cultures (northern Europe, US, and many other westerns cultures) tend to keep more personal space and use less touching than other more ‘warm' cultures. Asian cultures are characterized as more accommodating and accepting attitudes when it comes to personal space, the theory says it's due to more crowded living conditions. Other cultures including south Europe, Middle East and South American's are considered to be more ‘warm' by nature – touch and close proximity are more welcomed and socially accepted. Age- Some evidence suggests that personal space gets bigger as we grow older (Hayduk, 1983). Children tend to be quite happy to be physically close to each other, something which changes as awareness of adult sexuality develops. In addition the gender difference does tend to also appear at this time.StatusStatus has a huge effect on your personal space size and demand. First of all, like the alpha male of the pack, the higher the status the more space is considered to be one’s (no surprise that the first class seats are bigger and have more space per individual!). Status also affects the size of the territory that is required. Just Like the kings of old owned a huge palace – not because they needed 20 bedrooms and an Olympic swimming pool, but because it showed the measure of their power and influence. In modern days we have the equivalent mansions of the rich and famous to demonstrate their wealth and rich lifestyle.PersonalityThere is some evidence of personality difference but effects here need to be treated with caution given the situational dependence of traits. Extraverted and gregarious persons tend to require smaller personal space, while cold and quarrelsome people require a larger interpersonal distance (Gifford, 1982).Urban vs. RuralThe amount of personal space someone needs is relative to the population density of where they live, for example, in sparsely populated areas people get more space than in densely populated areas; country people are used to live in a vast and mildly populated areas while city dwellers are more used to crowding. This means that city dwellers will usually have a smaller personal space than country people due to this habit of density.The distance someone extends his/her arm to shake hands gives us a clue whether he/she is from a rural or urban area. People from the city tend to have an 18-inch bubble which allows the hands to meet in neutral territory. People brought up in a town with a small population have a space bubble of up to a meter. People from rural areas tend to stand with their feet firmly planted on the ground and lean forward for the handshake, whereas a city dweller will step forward to greet you. People raised in remote areas might require an even greater Personal Space, which cou ld be as wide as 6 meters. They prefer to wave rather than shake hands.Case StudiesStudy 1- Felipe & Sommer 1966AimTo examine the effects of the invasion of personal space Method- Research was carried out in a public library amongst people of similar cultural backgrounds who were sitting alone. These people were split into two groups: 1) Those where the confederate approached them, sat in the chair next to them and moved the chair closer to them. 2) Those where the confederate approached them and sat in the next-but-one chair.ResultsWhen someone came and sat in the chair next to them and moved the chair closer to them, 70% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. When someone came and sat in the next-but-one chair only 13% of the lone people left within half-an-hour. Conclusion- People found this invasion of their personal space disruptive. Researchers also noted that those whose personal space had been invaded moved their chair, put ‘barriers’ up such as books and changed their body position to move away.Evaluation of this study:StrengthHas high ecological validity since it was conducted in a public place. Weakness- This study used people from a similar background and hence may only be applicable to those sorts of people- this study cannot be generalised.Case Study 2- Sommer 1969AimTo examine whether there are cultural differences in the use of personal space Method- Researchers observed groups of Arab people and groups of white English people in conversation. Results- The comfortable distance for conversation for Arab people was under 1 m, whereas for white English people the comfortable distance was between 1 m and 1.5 m. Conclusion- Different cultures are comfortable with different amounts of personal space.Evaluation of this study:StrengthExplores how culture affects somebody’s personal space and hence raises awareness of how different cultures have various tolerance levels (when it comes to personal space). This study also raises awareness to people of different cultures when they are visiting other, culture rich countries. Weakness- The study was conducted a long time ago and due to the many revolutions and acceptances between cultures in today’s day, the results and findings may not be as accurate now as they were then. This poses questions about whether and how time has affected personal space within the different cultures, and would possibly need a new experiment to be conducted, to update the results.Examples of invading personal space:Inviting a teacher into a student’s personal space when their help is needed at school/in class for example to help solve a problem; this relation is always a professional relationship. When caught fighting and stopped, some kids like to tease the other party with a simple trick- they reach out with their hand and almost touch the other kid (or even worse, stuck the palm in front of their face), then they say something like â€Å"I don't touch you†. I t's actually an invitation for a fight, without taking responsibility for starting it, because it's impossible not to respond to this kind of irritation.If you'll meet your favorite movie star, you will welcome his company and even his touch; even though he's almost a complete stranger to you. But it won't go the other way around- it will be highly inappropriate to get too close to that star without a clear invitation to do so. You'll probably keep a distance from your boss (probably the same one from the previous example) during work, but on fishing at trip together some of the social borders will fall down, and you'll feel more comfortable being in closer distance. However, when you'll get back to work again, you'll retain the appropriate workspace between you.

Achievement standard 91329 study exemplar Essay Example for Free (#91329)

Achievement standard 91329 study exemplar Essay ? Anaerobic training is used to enhance performance in non-endurance activities to promote strength, speed and power and also to strengthen muscles in a shorter amount of time. Anaerobic training triggers two main energy systems: the high energy phosphate systems, (adenine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP)) and the anaerobic glycolysis system. High energy phosphates are used in small doses within muscle cells and the anaerobic glycolysis system is used in the absence of oxygen inside the cells or when ATP is needed in higher quantities but it cannot be produced fast enough during aerobic metabolism. These energy systems will help to build strength within the muscles and will contribute to a better health and well-being. Demonstrate in-depth understanding on the bodies’ physiological responses from participating in the session. During my training my body was exerting a lot of ATP around my body to give me energy to do the workout. I worked between 75-90% of my max heart rate because the workouts I was doing were very short but intense which meant I had to work harder to get the maximum amount of ATP out of my body. I noticed that after my workouts I was fatigued because the ATP energy within the muscle cells around the area of work had been all used up. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the strength and weaknesses of the application of the method of training. You should show an interrelationship between the biophysical principles. Anaerobic training is really good in context to the various sports I participate in because in netball, basketball and touch you are not always on the move but you have to exert small bursts of energy at a time e.g. following the opposition on defence, dribbling the ball towards the hoop and running with the touch ball. The small exerts of energy are using a high build-up of ATP within the muscle cells. Being able to keep working through the pain of working at a 75-90% max heart rate helps to burn fat faster and build muscle. Task 3: Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the application of biophysical principles. (a)Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the application of three methods of training (methods of training may include: continuous, fartlek, circuit, interval (short and long), flexibility, resistance and plyometric) you have used in your training programme. Method of training: Short interval training I used short interval training in my training programme because I wanted to challenge myself and improve my health and well-being in a short amount of time. I order to do this I had to work between a 75-90% max heart rate so that my muscles and heart were working as hard as they could to produce maximum physical results. I decided to work at a 2:1 work/rest ratio so my body had enough rest to produce more ATP and so my heart rate can lower a bit so I have to work harder to build it up again. I tried to move as little as possible during rest time so my body has enough time to lower as low as it possibly can before rising again to the same heart rate. During my training I noticed that I was talking to myself various times in a workout telling myself to keep going and reminding myself of the number of reps that were left. This showed that my brain was also being trained along with my muscles and the brain is one of the hardest muscles to train in the body. Method of training: Plyometric training I used plyometric training to build power and speed in my legs by speed skipping and double under skipping. This type of training is important to building power and speed in my lower body by pushing my muscles to move from extension to contraction in a short time at an explosive rate. When doing double under skipping I experienced very small shocks on landing in which my hip, knee and ankle extensors endured a powerful eccentric contraction. When this happened my muscles were forced to tense. The eccentric contraction is then quickly switched to the isometric (when I stopped moving downwards) and then the concentric contractions, in a rapid time frame which is repeated many times. Isometric contraction always occurs in the transition from the  eccentric to the concentric contraction, but in this rapid transition it is practically eliminated. This is builds strength in legs which can be important to runners when leaving a starting block. The reason why I used this method of training was mainly to build strength in my legs which is beneficial to my lower body. Method of training: Fartlek training Fartlek training was used in my training programme to provide variation to the normal training I did. This placed stress on my aerobic and anaerobic systems and I allowed me to work as fast or as slow as I needed to. Between the high intensity running, I did easy and less strenuous jogging to recover for the next high intensity sprint and I could alter the periods of time that I did high intensity and low intensity running which was a bonus to myself. The benefits of the fartlek training were that I could alter the intensity level to suit myself and it was effective to have the two intensities put into one workout. Having this choice to alter the workout did not stop me from pushing myself though. Fartlek training helped to strengthen my legs and improve my breathing so I could maintain at a high speed for a longer period of time. Choose four principles of training. Principles of training may include the F.I.T.T principle (frequency, intensity, time, type), as well as specificity, progression, reversibility, rest and variety. Demonstrate in depth how and why these were applied to the methods of training in your programme. Principle of training: Intensity How did you apply it to your training programme? I specified the intensity of the workout on my training programme before I started working out so I knew to work at a high intensity or a low intensity. To work out my max heart rate I used the max heart rate chart on the wall in the weights room and I double checked it by using the max heart rate formula: 220 – age, which made my max heart rate 204 bpm. I specified in my training programme that I would be working between 75% and 90% of my max heart rate so I used a heart rate app on my phone because we did not have a heart rate monitor at school and double checked it by putting my hand on my pulse and timing it with a stop watch for a minute which would give me  my bpm straight after the workout. This would ensure that I was working between 150-180 bpm. Why did you apply it to your training programme? I applied intensity in my training programme because it kept my heart rate between the 75% and 90% max heart rate. I was working at a very high intensity which caused oxygen transfer into my muscles to be harder. Due to the anaerobic training I did in my training programme, the periods of time I could work within the 75-90% max heart rate area increased and I could easily get rid of the lactic acid that had built up to use within other energy systems in my body. Principle of training: Frequency How did you apply it to your training programme? I ensured that before I started my training programme that I would be training on specific days within the three week period that we were given to complete the training. I wrote these dates down before I started, determining which days I would train and which days I would rest. This assured the teacher supervising and I that I had to follow this plan and stick to the days designated for training. Why did you apply it to your training programme? I applied frequency in my training programme because it helped to balance the amount of stress I put on myself to adapt to the training and allowing enough time to rest and recover. In addition with the foods I ate within the time allocated to train, training frequently (about 4 or 5 times a week) helped my body to burn calories for my health and well-being in which my training programme was intended to improve. Principle of training: Specificity  How did you apply it to your training programme?  To apply specificity in my training programme I had to do a lot of written work before I had even started training. Not only did I specify the days on which I would train or rest, I had to also specify the amount of time I was going to train or do each activity for, what type of training was going to be involved on each day, what specific activities I was going to do with or without equipment on each day and the max heart rate area I was going to be  working within for the day’s session. I did this by writing all down in my training programme before the three week period and then following each session recorded for each date. Because I was merely training to improve my health and well-being I could do a variety of training within my training programme to improve specific parts of my body e.g. plyometric training to build speed and strength in my lower body and fartlek training to improve my breathing while running. Why did you apply it to your training programme? I applied specificity in my training programme because it was forward thinking and helped me to stick to the plan I had set out and be more organised on the training day. Because my training programme was designed specifically to improve my health and well-being I was not training for a purpose such as interval sprints to improve 100m sprints. Making sure that each training session was specific allowed me to train various parts of my body rather than training for a specific activity likt long distance running. Principle of training: Variety How did you apply it to your training programme? I used different methods of training within my training programme to create variety. Each training session in my training programme was different and I was using a different method of training each day e.g. On Monday 26th August 2013, I used plyometric training as my method of training followed by short interval training on Tuesday 27th August 2013. I also mixed methods of training in my workout to create even more variety and test my body’s adaption capacity e.g. adding skipping in to a short interval workout to incorporate a plyometric aspect into my workout. Why did you apply it to your training programme? The main reason I applied variety in my training programme was to prevent boredom from doing the same thing during the three week training period. In my training programme not one training session was the same, some consisted of elements from other sessions but none were exactly the same. I did this because it gave me a chance to work different areas of my body using different methods of training. Training programme evaluation Strengths of training programme. I think that the main strength in my training programme was the variety and intensity that my training programme offered. Due to the lack of specified purpose for training, I could experiment with my trainings and evaluate on whether that session was a success or needed improvement. This proved to be a benefit for my body because I was able to work all parts of my body in the one workout rather that working on only one area of my body. This provided minute amounts of muscle and resistance of energy system developments which was a huge benefit to my psychological health because I knew that this training was working and gave me more self-confidence. Because I added variety into my training programme, especially into my short interval training, it helped to build strength and speed faster than if I did the same training each session. Another strength within my training programme was the simplicity of it. It was easy to follow and I didn’t need to use much equipment in the gym which makes my training programme easy to follow and someone else could easily use it to train with. Weaknesses of training programme. Using methods of training that worked mainly my lower body was one of my weaknesses because it did not provide me with adequate upper body training. Because I used plyometric and fartlek training methods which both worked my lower body muscle groups and they did not benefit my upper body. Also the duration of the short interval training session I did were a bit too long, especially during the first week of the training period, so I was fatigued very early in the session and it was hard to carry on working at the rate I started at. What modifications would you make to the application of the biophysical principles used in your programme? To improve the application of my biophysical principles used in my programme, I would alter it to focus on one specific physical activity but only doing different kinds of workouts that will help to improve that physical activity like doing different workouts focusing on running if I wanted to improve my running skills. Doing this will allow me to accurately measure whether my training is working by looking at results from before I started training and after I have finished training. I would also start with low intensity workouts during the first  week and then eventually elevating the intensity over the weeks following to minimise the fatigue levels while working out. By doing this it will allow my body time to adapt to the intensity and stress of the workouts. Achievement standard 91329 study exemplar. (2016, May 12).

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Leadership - Assignment Example He travelled the world spreading his teachings, which were to bring equality in the world. Similarly, Prophet Muhammad was also one of the leaders that displayed utter diligence in leadership during his tenure. Prophet Muhammad, as a leader, traveled across the world spreading Islamic teachings. His deeds, actions and manner of expression made it possible to relate to a large number of people across the world. In fact, Malcolm X was considered the most influential leader after Prophet Muhammad. Leadership is essentially a social interaction tool where one person is in control while the others extend support in achieving a common objective. Leaders have to provide direction in ensuring the common objective is achieved. Leadership entails a person that is straight forward and has the influence to effectively control the other people (Lussier and Achua, 2009). Such leaders are able to control organizations, manage resources despite concentrating on their personal issues. Leaders should, therefore, initiate projects, have positive influence on others, protect the rights of the people they lead and encourage peaceful living. Leaders that display such characteristics often leave adorable

Physics MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physics MRI - Essay Example The Larmor (or resonant) frequency ω0 is the frequency at which the nuclide precesses about the magnetic field. The resonant frequency is equal to the magnetogyric ratio ÃŽ ³ (specific to the nuclide) times the magnetic field B (Brandolini, 2004): the nuclide 13C at 75 MHz. From the equation above, the magnetogyric ratio ÃŽ ³ is constant so that ÃŽ ³ =ω0 /B = ω’0 /B’, where ω’0 is the resonant frequency when the magnetic field B’ = 1.5 T. Solving for ω’0 : ω’0 = (ω0 B’)/B what is the mean B and B This is explained in the sentence directly above: the single prime corresponds to the resonant frequency when the magnetic field is 1.5 T. You are asking what is meant by B’, but if you look at the sentence above, it was just defined: B’ = 1.5T. It is the magnetic field at 1.5T. B’’ is just a different value of the magnetic field (in this case 4 T) where we are trying to find the frequency w0’’ that corresponds to it. From this equation, if you know the frequency ω0 and the magnetic field B, then the ratio of these is the gyromagnetic ratio. We know the frequency at 6.9T from the reference cited above. Therefore, to find the frequency at a different magnetic field, we just use the equation w0/B = ÃŽ ³ = constant. So another set of corresponding values of w0 and B, call these new values w0’’ and B’’, will also have the same ratio: w0’’/B’’ =ÃŽ ³ constant = w0/B. Since we now have w0’’/B’’ = w0/B, we can multiply both sides by B’’ to get: w0’’ = w0 * B’’/B . Hopefully you can now see where that equation comes from. The reason I didn’t put the calculation down in this case, is because it is EXACTLY the same as the calculation before it, but with different values. You can just follow the equations that were used in the example above it, putting in the

Compare and contrast Karl Marx's and Max Weber's ideas about Essay

Compare and contrast Karl Marx's and Max Weber's ideas about capitalism. Which points does Weber against to Marx - Essay Example Class divisions persevere as a vital structural characteristic of modern human culture, influencing an individual’s life chances. The study of capitalism by both Marx and Weber related directly to its affect on society. Their works have been viewed by many as the basis by which the structure of society within a capitalist system is best comprehended and have become the subject of much sociological debate. Marxism theorizes that as capitalism persists, it exacerbates the misery level for working class individuals. The level of working class misery is termed only in relation to the distance between them and the capitalist classes and not meant to imply all persons of labour are necessarily unhappy. â€Å"†¦ although the enjoyments of the worker have risen, the social satisfaction that they give has fallen in comparison with the increased enjoyments of the capitalist. Our desires and pleasures spring from society; we measure them, therefore, by society and not by the objects which serve for their satisfaction† (Marx & Engels, 1968). The central concepts of Marxist economics include the theory of labour value, the disposition of production and the inevitable conflicts between the classes. Conflicts will always persist because the upper class can never totally control the lower classes. Lesser concepts include the idea of increased misery, the obsession with possessions and the consequences of economic alienation. Marx’s theories of labour value combined with his concepts of capitalism endeavour to clarify how the revenue system operates to the benefit of the upper classes and the detriment of the lower classes. Marx defines wealth as something produced by labour from resources originating in the natural world. In terms of capitalism, wealth becomes a vast accrual of possessions. Commodities are articles of wealth created solely as a means to exchange other objects so as to enhance wealth. The instruments of production such as factories,

One person vs a group of people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One person vs a group of people - Essay Example This case examines the Orpheus orchestra and the way that they run the orchestra. What makes they different from others is that they do not have a conductor that dictates the entire orchestra, rather, everyone has a say. The group started out with people who had gone to music school and coming out they decided that they were not willing to give up their musical creativity and always be under the leadership of another person. So they created this group and decided that every person would have a say in every piece of music that is to be performed. So we are talking 27 musicians who all are very opinionated and are all â€Å"strong-willed† putting their input into everything. So as one may put together, it was just too many opinions at one time. It took the group countless hours to rehearse all of the song with all of the suggestions that were made. So what they had decided to do was make core groups and depending on the song would depend on the group that would make suggestions and changes to how the song would be performed. They would also do the same with a concertmaster. Instead of the concertmaster acting like a conductor, they would be almost like a mediator. They would run the rehearsals and make sure that the rehearsals we productive and that the discussions didn’t get too out of hand and off track.

Application of Organizational Behavior Concepts Essay

Application of Organizational Behavior Concepts - Essay Example Therefore, Healthcare Inc. approximates that turnover expenses are to the tune of $2.2 million per annum and that falling turnover could have a beneficial effect not just on its outcome, but also the drive of its employees. As a result, it is imperative to underscore the core essence of the company’s turnover problem in order to tackle the problem as a whole. Such a process will involve a number of considerations as to why employee turnover is high in the company and the reasons behind the phenomenon. To kick-start, the process will be the naming of the reasons for the high turnover at Healthcare Inc. In essence, high turnover emanates from a diversity of factors that affect the working morale and drive of the employees. Several issues in the operation of the organization are responsible for its turnover problems. It is only through the identification of the issues causing turnover that a formidable solution for Healthcare Inc can be developed (Jex, 2002). Issues at the Root o f the Healthcare Inc Turnover Problems Recruitment and Employee Selection Issues Healthcare Inc high turnover is mainly as a result of recruitment and employee selection issues, which have an upper hand in influencing the drive and confidence of workers. Under normal circumstances, recruitment and selection issues are the principal process of admitting new talent into the organization (Smith, 2007). Whenever there is a problem regarding the quality of staff or the nature of the process, the organization is affected in a great way. Recruitment and selection are two related processes that determine the nature of employees the company attracts and retains over and above the way in which the workforce operates in the organization. Whereas recruitment deals with the general hunt for talent, selection involves the particular scrutiny of potential staff for employment considerations. Selection relies so much on recruitment owing to the fact that the employees to be selected emanate from re cruitment stage. Issues surrounding the recruitment and selection of staff have a significant implication on the operation of an organization and are leading causes of high turnover. It is evident that Healthcare Inc turnover problems mostly affect new employees in their first year of service; this is a direct result of recruitment and selection issues. Half of the turnover cases involve fresh employees, which imply that the company’s recruitment and selection process is flawed and does not herald required staff in the organization or fails to inculcate organizational values in them. There must be a reason why fresh employees are a huge source of turnover, the organization processes of searching and choosing new employees is not up to date or does not satisfy the threshold of organizational effectiveness. Recruitment along with selection issues are crucial components in an organization’s turnover problems. Motivational Issues High turnover could be as a result of motiv ational issues because the ability of workers to stay committed to their roles squarely lies with their level of motivation.

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment Essay

The Negative Effects of Consumerism on Environment - Essay Example The paper tells that the people in the past were lived in a society of producers; however current people are living in a society of consumers. There are plenty of reasons for this change. Heavy industrialization, development of science and technology and the subsequent changes happened in the life styles and life philosophies of people are some of the major reasons for increased consumerism. There is nothing wrong in transforming our society from the production dimension to consumer dimension if such changes may not cause any harm to our environment. Unfortunately, environmental problems or destruction is directly proportional to the rate of increase of consumerism. In other words, along with the increase in consumerism, increase in environment destruction is also taking place. It is impossible for humankind to survive long if consumerism increases at its present rate. The effects of consumerism on the Earth’s environment are: loss of resources, increased pollution, and loss o f energy. This paper analyses the causes of increased consumerism and its effects on environment. Loss of resources is the major effect of increased consumerism. It should be noted that population is growing at alarming rates whereas the available resources in this world are being reduced because of increased consumption. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem everywhere in this world. It should be noted that drinking water resources are exhausting day by day even though the water levels in the sea are gradually rising because of global warming. There are plenty of people in this world who purchase goods just for increasing their social status. Current consumers compare the goods in the hands of their friends, relatives and neighbours with the goods in their own hands and then take purchasing decisions. Such habits results in wastage of resources and over exploitation of resources. Deforestation is taking place rapidly to find enough space for establishing industries. Nobody take c are about the fact that trees or forests play an important role in maintaining the global climate suitable to living things. Deforestation results in big climate changes and subsequently the life is this earth may become extremely difficult. Carbon dioxide is harmful to the environment whereas oxygen is good for the environment. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and liberate oxygen to this world. Thus, trees help the environment in maintaining a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere. Destruction of trees results in increased content of carbon dioxide in atmosphere which is not good for living things. All the living things in this world are interconnected each other in some ways. In other words, the existence or survival of all the living things in this world is necessary for the sustainment of human life. The destructions of animals and birds may affect human life in many ways. For example, snakes are the enemies of rats. Killing or destruction of snakes may result i n increased number of rats. Increased number rats means farmers may not get proper yield from their agriculture. In short, snakes are necessary to maintain the number of rats in this world to a particular level. However, climate changes and environmental problems are causing big destruction of animal life. â€Å"There was a story in the newspaper saying that 37 percent of species could become extinct due to climate change† (Mayell). Increased pollution is another effect of increased consumerism. Air, water and land pollution are caused by increased consumerism. It is already proved that atmospheric temperature is increasing day by day because of environmental pollutions and increased consumption of resources. Atmospheric temperature rise results in global warming. It would be difficult for mankind to live in this world, if the atmospheric temperature rises at its present rate. Automobile use is increased a lot in recent times. Automobiles

The Goophered Grapevine. Charles Chestnutt Essay

The Goophered Grapevine. Charles Chestnutt - Essay Example The term defines the way African Americans see themselves as individuals and as a group, but not just through their own eyes. They see themselves through the lens of the Other, the dominant culture. Du Bois says it is "always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity" (Du Bois). This produces what Du Bois calls a "twoness,--an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body† (Du Bois). Understandably, being constantly aware of others’ perception and confounding, exploiting, and denying that view causes conflict within a person. Sometimes action may not be exactly ethical like the actions of the characters in â€Å"The Goophered Grapevine.† The conflict within African Americans occurs because the white American disrespected, humiliated, and dehumanized them. â€Å"Double consciousness† describes the Afri can Americans’ desire to contribute and participate in all the country has to offer; yet knowing that the wealth denied them was gained by the sweat of the brow of their ancestors. African Americans want to be both black and American, true to their culture and their country. However, even after Emancipation, it took more effort with much less return. Some deterrent is always thrown into the path of African American advancement—segregation, bussing, prejudice, unemployment. Charles Chestnutt’s story illustrates this double consciousness which influences every contact black Americans have outside their own culture. The story’s structure reveals the way the dominant culture views African Americans, narrated by the vineyard owner recounting Uncle Julius’s story. The vineyard owner shares it with the world seemingly without Uncle Julius’ permission. Of course, Uncle Julius asked the indulgence (read: permission) of the vineyard owner and his wife to share the story with them. â€Å"I wouldn' spec' fer you ter b'lieve me 'less you know all 'bout de fac's. But ef you en young miss dere doan' min' lis'n'in' ter a ole nigger run on a minute er two w'ile you er restin', I kin 'splain to yer how it all happen'" (Chestnutt). Uncle Julius prefaces his tale with his doubt that the vineyard owner will believe him, a result of the double consciousness. Uncle Julius expects his tale will be treated with derision and disbelief. Hearing the story, readers wonder why the slaves did not feel threatened enough by Dugal to avoid his vineyard, and the grapes continue to disappear. Apparently the slaves do not fall into Dugal’s traps. They know he cannot do much to them because if he punishes them too severely, the slaves may not work hard to harvest his grapes. Not only that, since they are the ones who do the work to make the grapes profitable, surely a few grapes are their due. This way the double consciousness serves them well. But it also backfires because Dugal knows what frightens them: the slaves believe the grapes are hexed. Dugal pays Aunt Peggy to hex them even though he does not believe they are truly bewitched. Otherwise, Dugal would not sell the scuppernong grapes and cause the death of anybody who ate them. He would be allowing people to die and killing off his own customers. Dugal’s purpose in â€Å"goophering† the grapes was that he knew the slaves believed in the conjuring. If they believed that the grapes were cursed, they would not eat them. The spell worked except for Henry who ate them without knowing of Aunt Peggy’s spell, which actually turned out fortunate for Dugal. Dugal thinks he is clever. The $10 he paid Aunt Peggy was a wise investment, especially since it provides income

My views on the future Essay Example for Free

My views on the future Essay This paper presents a concise overview of my views on the future. My personal vision will be based on current socio-economic trends being exhibited within my surroundings, lifestyle trends, individuality and community. Lastly, the vision being presented in the succeeding text will be explained as to why it is necessary for this vision to be actualized. This paper is focused on my vision for my country of origin. It is my firm belief that my countrymen would not give up on their country and my countrymen have the capacity and will build an empowered country. This can be achieved by a continued commitment of everyone’s collective genius, passion and strength in accordance to being able to put to order the dignity and actualize the potential of the poor and powerless for excellence (â€Å"Thinking About the Future†). This is based on the fact that everyone’s spirit as a nation is rising and is becoming strong again. It has been discovered by every man woman and child that is part of this my country has the capacity to liberate himself/herself from the shackles of the past, the label that has hounded them for generations, and the mark of a third world country stamped all over the nation. They have the capacity to become law abiding, truly hardworking, honest and excellent in everything that they commit themselves to do. My country can have a sustainable environment and can constitute a firm foundation for the future of this nation. We can further our capacity to provide dignity to most of our countrymen in the future. It is my personal vision that our country can provide equal opportunity to all of our countrymen, thus providing them with the capacity to empower themselves and give them more choices in life. It is a proven fact that the writer’s countrymen are not known for their laziness. T has been identified that when compared to other ethnic group in other countries. Their determination in order to achieve financial stability in other countries can be seen in their ability to do seemingly impossible tasks such as taking two and even three jobs at a given period. My countrymen are tough tested, they are hardworking when they are highly motivated, they resilient when they are tested (â€Å"Key Social and Political Trends†). We have to believe that our country is destined for greatness and that they deserve more than what is currently being accorded to them. We must believe that we were designed for excellence. All around the world, doctors from my country heal the sick. The seamen originating from my country continually dominate the seas in whatever mode of marine transport – either for commerce or for pleasure. Even in the thriving economies carry the mark of my countrymen bearing the managerial expertise for the international corporations (â€Å"Thinking About the Future†). On the other hand, although we are top of the line, creme de la creme and can be considered as the best of the best in other parts of the world however it is exactly the opposite in the my homeland. But even as Globalization has created venues where the most promising of my countrymen are given the opportunity to grow, large majorities are still left behind (â€Å"Ideas about Manipulating Nature†). If the country can ever be rescued from this perpetual poverty and plight, it is important for everyone to stop this inanity and hypocrisy. This country should step up and stop cracking jokes about the perpetual shame and misery our countrymen have continually experienced and endured. Instead of what was previously mentioned, our countrymen should be able to celebrate with our hard work and integrity the coming return of our country’s dignity and our country’s honor and pride as a gifted people, blessed by God with this blessed and bountiful country. This country and its countrymen should be able to honor each and every honorable and nationalist deed, every heartfelt and unselfish sacrifice, and every uncompromising kindness that this country’s populace has given to our brethren that are disadvantaged and are in need of support and companionship (â€Å"Thinking About the Future†). It is important then to finish once and for all this on going lamentation. The country and its people have undergone so much suffering for as long as all of our countrymen can remember. For more than a four centuries this country has been clenching its teeth for change, always blaming each other, bringing each other down in order to progress their selfish vendettas and more than that continued to point God as the main reason for all the country’s problems and tribulations (â€Å"Key Social and Political Trends†). Now is the time for this country’s people to focus on collaborative work, unity and collective effort into bringing this nation back on its feet. It is true that there is a capacity for this nation to rise up once again if there is a continued option for this nation’s people to nurture this emerging spirit or renewed faith and resilience. In order to do so, this country can show love by being able to express their love for the almighty by being able to provide the necessary support for our countrymen. This kind of paradigm shift is mainly about being able to provide the necessary love and justice to provide in a country that a strong majority of this country’s population have no proper shelter and millions more are living in artificial homes – shanties where they face hunger and are exposed to disease on a daily basis. Corruption is rife within the government and even with corporations, the environment has yet to reach a point of sustainability that can ensure a brighter and sustainable environment for our future(â€Å"Key Social and Political Trends†). This country would be able to break from its bondage of this current paradigm if we have a collective Unitarian line of thought, if we see our children as heir to their own riches but in actuality are the heirs of our country’s present and future. It is only with a shift in mindset that people consider the poor as their own, they are able to see Christ’s being within each and everyone and within their family and see a potential for heaven on earth for every of our countrymen that can be emancipated from this current paradigm (â€Å"Lifestyle Trends†). The vision for the future looks bright as people are given proper homes, sustainable environments to support their daily needs, and communities where they can live in, they are given the proper dignity that they deserve and provide a spark within them in that can be used as a jumping point for other initiatives for progress and a change in lifestyle amongst the people. Confidence and self-respect of our countrymen that are given the appropriate shelter and homes are returned and is increased dramatically (â€Å"Lifestyle Trends†). Their initiative to do more and legal jobs and roles are increased and they have a generally positive look towards the future. The desire of our countrymen to have more legal and equivalent lifestyles is equally amazing. It is clear that the spirit of the poor will be continually rising because of the reason that all of us consider everyone part of a larger chain and that everyone is acknowledged as an equal – no rich, no poor, everyone is given the dignity they deserve (â€Å"Key Social and Political Trends†). Everyone is given a chance to live as humans. More than just houses, medical groups are also on the move in creating not just houses but at the same time hospitals and medical centers available to all and those that do not have direct access to medical services. This kind of love for our country has already spread throughout the world due to our countrymen overseas. It is with this that we can utilize effectively globalization and technology to bring our countrymen working overseas home closer. Our countrymen that are working abroad are now starting to deliver a stream of financial support that will further augment further our current economic standing. All the signs of development are evident and are happening now. Christians around the communities of our country’s Moslem groups have set aside their inhibitions and misconceptions and initiated community development projects with our Moslem brethren for unity and collective effort. Students of our colleges and universities are going out of the classrooms to learn about life and what â€Å"Love for God and Country† really means as it is applied in our nation (â€Å"Lifestyle Trends†). Local government units are already hard at work in conducting massive infrastructure projects in unison with other Filipinos, rich or poor, Christian or Moslem in order to further stem out the impaling poverty that has racked this nation for a better half of its history (â€Å"Ideas about Manipulating Nature†). The youth today have a greater responsibility in this. It is my vision for the youth of today to take up the call of nation-building. The youth of today have the option and the opportunity ready for the taking in order to correct the mistakes that were done by the previous generations. They have the opportunity in order to build a far better future that is full of hope for this country. They can be neophyte political leaders that can break the seemingly perpetual graft and corruption that has plagued our nation and can gain support from the people. The youth of today can be tomorrow’s business leaders that create profit by using their conscience and their faith in God as their basis for doing business, they can provide jobs to the needy yet experienced and give them the opportunities for further development that they deserve. I believe that we as a nation and its countrymen have compromised our core values shamed our fallen heroes and have continually tolerated the incompetence of our corrupt leaders long enough. We have compromised our ethical values based on a religion that does not consider compromise as part of its religion. This country has lowered tremendously its standards and has continually seen poverty and gave it a blind eye. This country has lost its grip over its future and its people have started to choose despair over hope. It is my vision that my countrymen can stand up and fight. It is my personal vision that my countrymen should be able to confront this country’s enemies, tangible or intangible, foreign or domestic, regardless of the odds. I believe in a future that can further provide a venue for a sustainable environment for us and for our future. In addition, I believe that with the current socio-economic trend, we can be able to fully maximize and optimize the spread of Globalization throughout the world (â€Å"Ideas about Manipulating Nature†). Lastly I believe in the vision that the youth of today are the generation of patriots that will be able to stop this country’s uncontrollable spin towards poverty and corruption and bring it back to its feet, and breathe life and reinvigorate this once illustrious nation and bring back the pride of its countrymen. REFERENCES: Thinking About the Future, (n. d. ), University of Maryland University College Key Social and Political Trends, (n. d. ), University of Maryland University College. Lifestyle Trends: Individual and Community (n. d. ), University of Maryland University College. Ideas about Manipulating Nature (n. d. ), University of Maryland University College Key Social and Political Trends (n. d. ), University of Maryland University College

Human resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human resource Management Essay Introduction Human resource Management is the method of managing an organisation or a business and is related to employees and planes of a company or an institution. The aims or objectives of an HR are to meet the desires and benefits of the organisation, to make the business to grow and have value and to motivate the employees and to reward them when they perform very well. In the essay below its gone be illustrated all the job and responsibilities of an HR. LO1. The difference between Human Resource Management and Personnel Management 1.1 Human resource Management is a needed function on all the organisations because is the process of hiring and selection of people for the right job by training the candidates and increasing their skills and performance providing appropriate benefits ,inspiring, keeping the safety of the workers by obeying with labour laws . Personnel Management is dedicated to discipline the employees, is taking care of their salaries, training, motivating the employees to perform well, solving arguments between workers and communicating with the employees at all levels.(Business Dictionary 2014). The difference between Human Resource and Personnel Management is that the Personnel Management is that the Personnel Management is  concentrating more on the training of the employees; give them the wages, explaining them the rules of the company and the interests of the employers ,employees processes, job description, checking, writing contracts and explain the rules, while the Human Resource Management is dedicated to the values,objectives,aims,culture,plans,customers,teams,performance of the employees,motivation,rewards and increased the profit of the business.(IQPC 2011) KFC preparation and improvement of the employees is concentrating more on efficacious management and to build strong relationships with the customer. By serving the customer as fast as possible with a large smile on the face the clients have nothing to complain and will come often to visit the restaurant. This can be one of many important duties of a Human resources management or Personnel management the method that can satisfy the customer needs and to respect the people time. 1.2 1.3 The role, responsibilities and duties of the Human Resource Management and Line Managers The Human Resource practitioners they have a vital role in the organisation because they focusing on rules and coordination. The Human Resources Management need to have the capability and knowledge to think out of the box, to engage employees to improve and perform well, to recruit professional and well trained people for all the vacant positions and to have the right wages, with other words the Human Resource Manager must hire the right staff with the right abilities for the right job. His other responsibilities are to plan, improve the success of the company, orientation as well is one of his activities because must help the new staff to adjust to the new job and make sure that the workers know their working hours,wages,benefits and the rules and expectations of the organisation. Planning of the career also is part of the Human Resources Job because must know the potential that his employees have to grow and advance in their careers. Compensation is a task that the Human Resources Manager have to control because in this way knows how many of his employees they perform well and the employees that can do well certain jobs are paid better that other workers. Benefits also are a form of being paid well because of their good performance. The labour relations are a method to interact with the employees which are characterized by trade unions. Trade unions is the voice of a group of employees which are together when they have to take decisions about salaries, compensations, working hours or working conditions and other  methods or characteristics of working.Recoord keeping is the duty that involves recording ,conserving ,and repossessing employees similar information’s for difference motivations.(Human Resources Management Functions ) In 2010 KFC concentrated again on developing the business and making the employees feel valuable for the company putting exceptional efforts on developing that method and is accomplished by the business reward package. This programm was design to give bonuses to employees but the performance was the best way to show that they can truly can received by selling more items and by educated with all the customers. Anyway constructing employee’s capability and knowledge at KFC is a very important plan. (KFC Human resources management to meet emerging business needs 2005-2014) 1.4 Lawful and regulatory request The regulations and the legal regulations that must be respected by the Human Resource Management are: = to give equal opportunities to the employees to work no matter the culture, gender,ethnie,color of the skin, race or sex ,disabilities or age.(Civil Rights Act 1964) =prohibits discrimination (Civil Rights Act 1991) =forbids diverse wage for based on sex for identical work (Civil Rights Act 1963) =discrimination of pregnancy (Civil Act Rights 1978) =sexual harassments prohibited (Civil Rights Act 1980)  (HR Management Laws and Regulations2013) At KFC the staff is always needed being very busy as Mc Donald’s so the management need to hire enough people in each team or group to have a working time easy and without stress ,so the Human resource management have to know what kind of people to hire no matter their culture are ,or religion,ethnie,age or colour. No discrimination should appear in any of the company. Because employees are working in teams at KFC their conduct must by respectful with other colleagues and disputes between the staff must disappear immediately. Lo3.3.1 Motivational theory and how this impacts the reward system in the  organization. When people go to work they bring with them their personality and individual behaviours. No matter the person’s position in the workplace the personality and behaviour plays a very important role in how that person is completing his duties and interact with others .Theory of Maslow also have an impact on the people at work because explains how the employees desire to perform at work by having a higher position, the need of money, friends, love or sex, sleep, hunger, safety or esteem when they need only the respect of other, no matter that person is. In every company the employees they work only to satisfy a need from the scale of Maslow theory and they perform to achieve that goal no matter what it is. Motivation it refers to the reason that makes as act, perform or even behave. The motivation is guide as to achieve a goal, desire or a purpose. Without motivation we can’t start or finish enithing.On the other hand rewards it’s the thing that keeps you motivate continuously. The rewards can be money, higher position, compensation or even more hours to work or bigger salary. At KFC restaurant the culture, ethnie, colour, religion and age are togheter.The staff can by from Bangladesh, Italy, Pakistan, Poland, and Rumanian and so on. Anyway the characters working together and must have a good conduct and behaviour. When the religion and culture of a person is respected and take it seriously at the workplace that person is motivated and happy to improve his performance and improve company’s profit as well. Culture is the atmosphere which all of as we functioning all the time, so in fact the culture is something that we ca not see, is in fact the harmony or manifestations in the workplace. Every new staff bring in the company his own culture and attitude or religion. Culture also is recognised by symbols, stories, language, religion, outfits and daily rituals. (KFC Legal terms) 3.2 Job evaluation process and payment factors. Job evaluation process refers to the strategy of a company by estimating the number of the vacancies in the company and when looking for qualified and professional people for a position in the company. The characteristics of job evaluation and the methods that KFC is using to recruit people when a position is vacant: Description of the job and design Presentation Recruitment Selection Training Profession preparation Progression development KFC evaluation process in few steps and methods that the company is using when the candidates are chosen, management must explain to the new personnel what the policies and rules of the company are and below examples of the procedures after selection: 1. The employers must give clear details and working hours to the employee 2. Salary agree and about benefits 3. Tasks and duties of the employee 4. Written contracts as proof of agreement for job between employer and employees 5. Training is a must in all the company because help the staff to perform well and help the company to achieve their goals and purposes 6. Clear conditions of the company (Human resources organisational development and design 01 January 2014) Human resources flow chart and stages to take in order to recruit and select people and how payment of employees and volunteers are made. Identify staff and volunteers needed HR and ManagerAdvertising HR criteria and job description regular hire Permanent hirework hours explained and requirement of skills, knowledge and experience Receive CVClassificationinterviewsnr of candidates chosen and rejected, development of recruiting strategy Selection Benefits of the job explained by Management Hiring (Quality management at Kentucky Fried Chicken) 3.3 Varieties of reward systems Reward systems are the rules, procedures benefits classified by money, extra working hours for those who want or need more hours to make extra, and a higher position in the company and so on. All the employees who are performing well in the company by selling more or making more customers are rewarded by management in the way they need. The reward system is designed to motivate employees to work better and make the organisation improve. How planning a compensation programm: The solutions to implement a compensation program are the following steps: †¢Discovering the organisation or team goals that this program will support to improve the company s profit. †¢Identification of the preferred workers routine or comportments that will strengthen the business’s aims and the image of the organisation will be a respectful one in the customer’s eyes. †¢Nomination of crucial proportions of the presentation or conduct, founded on the individual or collections earlier realisations Specification of suitable recompenses †¢Announcement of program to workers Then the types of reward system can by: additional benefit, variable pay, stock choices, compensations, more working hours or increase salary, or an advanced position. (Organisational behaviour Ninth Edition by G.I.Moorhead) At KFC the employees are encouraged and motivated to perform well and increased the company’s profits because are rewarded in terms of promotions, bonuses, higher position, more working hours, higher wages or free lunchtimes or meals. And also when the staffs have more than 5 points that person can receive benefits in money, this called â€Å"My growth body†. (KFC presentation 2013) 3.4 Organisation monitors performance. This is a few steps of monitoring employee’s performance: Amount means the number of items or goods sold can be the best indicator of performance Timeliness refers to how fast the staff can sell something Non-attendance or unpunctuality no one can perform well as is latte at work. .employees must be on time at the workplace or if is absent Individual presence staff must dree adequately at work Ask feedback from customers can control behaviour of the employees. Controlling the employees is a simple duty but with all these controlling and measuring the employee’s performance and motivation as well is heavy look from directors, owners and those who control the company. The staffs are the very important tools of all the company s because they are communicating with the customers directly or face to face. Conclusion The Human resources management is a roll that all the companies must have it because is the person which the best know how to control, recruit and select and pay the staff. The training is also his duty because must know and recruit the professional and knowledge people for the right position. All the recruitment, selection, procedures of the organisations are calculated and monitored by Human resource management. REFERENCE LIST Webs Business Dictionary 2014, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/personnel-management.html IQPC 2011, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.iqpc.com/redcontent.aspx?id=65816 Human Resource Management Functions, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.whatishumanresource.com/Human-Resource-Management-functions HR Management Laws and Regulations2013, last acceded on 31/08/2014 http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/staffing-and-human-resource-management/hr-management-laws-and-regulations Human resources organisational development and design 01 January 2014 last access on 05/09/14 http://hr.uct.ac.za/usr/hr/job_evaluation_guide.pdf Quality management at Kentucky Fried Chicken http://www.sba.pdx.edu/faculty/melliep/339/QualityMgmtKFC.pdf KFC Human resource management to meet emerging business needs 2005-2014 last access on 05/09/2014 http://www.afrbiz.com.au/case-studies/kfc-human-resources-to-meet-emerging-business-needs.html KFC Legal terms last access on 05/09/2014

Reviewing Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet Plays

Reviewing Shakespeares Romeo And Juliet Plays Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares most popular tragedy plays. Romeo and Juliet is the most famous love story in the English literary tradition. As the most-filmed of all plays, Romeo and Juliet serves as an example of how cinematic interpreters of Shakespeare have become more liberal over time. The story was long established even when Shakespeare wrote it in 1594 or 1595he was adapting the earlier Italian tale The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet. Love is naturally the plays dominant and most important theme. Sex, drugs, and violence are usually a potent combination, and only William Shakespeare could develop them into a masterful, poetic, and elegant story. Romeo and Juliet also lends itself to modernized, marketable film adaptations because of many of the innovative themes presented throughout the play, which include love vs. hate, light vs. dark, age vs. youth, and fate vs. determinism. Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet starts with an example of the power of the media, with a television news report. Straight away we see a new and modernistic beginning. There is a very dramatic opening, with dramatic music and quick shots of Verona Beach, skyscrapers, images of war and fighting, flashes of newspapers and magazines, and shots of helicopters and cars, all present day images. We have a voice over giving the audience and introduction to the story. We are then introduced to the characters of the film. The colours used for the different characters are very interesting. For the Capulets the colours used are cold colours like blue and green where as when Mercutio there is a use of soft golden colours. This immediately brings a contrast between the characters and this cinematic technique is used many times through out the film. We are then brought to a gas station where a fight breaks out between the two feuding families. This is scene is very dramatic and a lot of quick imagery is used. We see more modernisation in this scene, we are introduced to guns instead of the commonly used sword and we also have fast cars instead of horses. We see great use of camera angels used in this scene. We see the low angel shot looking at Benvolio from one of the Montague boys and then the reverse with a high angel shot, which is not Benvolios point of view but still gives you the idea of his position. We then have extremely close up shots as we are introduced to Tybalt. Again here we see that Tybalts car is blue. There is a close up of his boots as he gets out of the car and then a close up of his head and hand as he lights his cigarette and again the background behind him is blue. When the fight begins and the tension builds we get close up shots of Tybalts eyes and Benvolios eyes. This kind of shot indicates strong feeli ngs and in Tybalts case we see hatred as he is focused and powerful. When the camera shows the close up of Benvolios eyes he twitches showing fear along with the way that he is not looking directly into the camera. Although we are never shown from a far angle we know that they are staring at each other. When we are fist introduced to Romeo, we hear his mother, father and cousin Benvolio talking about it, which helps us get a feel for his character. The first images we are given of Romeo are him sitting on Verona Beach which soft golden lighting just like Mercutio at the beginning. When we are introduced to Juliet, we see her in a close up shot underwater. She looks like she is a drowned girl; this could link to Ophelia in Hamlet. The way in which we are introduced to her foreshadows her meeting with Romeo and her eventual death. Before the party Romeo talks of his dream, this builds tension with the flash-forward of the final scene of Romeo in Juliets tomb. This makes the audience curious of what is going to happen next even if they have read the play before or not. Romeo is then given a love drug. The effects of the drug on him are depicted brilliantly. As soon as he takes the drug, we see images of fireworks and spinning lights, the music becomes crazy and then mellow. We arrive at the party and everybody is dancing, people become blurry, we have images of Tybalt roaring like a lion and Romeo muttering the words drugs are quick the same words that are used in his final scene of the play. The room begins to spin but the camera is still focused on Romeo which is a great camera angle to show that for Romeo the room is spinning. We then cut to an image of Romeo underwater washing off the effects of the drug. The shot of him under water echoes the image that we saw earlier of Juliet under water. After all the hectic scenes, the music changes to a very slow romantic song to set the scene as the two lovers meet each others gaze through the fish tank. Romeos first few of Juliet is under water. Again we see lighting used here to distinguish the divide between the lovers with the fish tank in between them, almost like an obstacle. On Romeos side of the fish tank the lighting is the golden reds and yellows, colours of warmth to evoke the Montagues and Juliet who we can only see through the fish tank is behind cool blues and greens, the tones of the Capulets. When the party ends the lovers then meet in the swimming pool, another use of the water among the characters. Here they exchange their love. The costumes used in this film are very different from what you would see in a common Romeo and Juliet. All the Montague boys were colourful shirts, a lot of the time they are open showing their free natured spirit. The Capulets on the other hand are more serious and are fashioned with higher class clothes to represent their wealth and power. The costumes that the characters wear at the party are quite interesting. Tybalt is dressed as a devil which reflects his characters evilness but is also ironic as he is very religious. Juliet is dressed as an angel which is exactly how her character is depicted, so angelic, fragile and heavenly. Romeo is the knight in shining armour and becomes the hero in the party and of the film. Religion is a very common theme that can be seen through out the film. We are constantly shown the statue of Jesus through the course of the film. A lot of the scenes take place in the church where there are many religious statues and images on the walls. Holy music is played often and sometimes is shown with a choir singing. Juliets house and room has a shrine where she prays at night. At the very beginning Tybalt is wearing a shirt with Jesus on it and also his gun has a picture of Mary on the handle. Many of the characters have tattoos of religious figures or symbols and one of the main props in the film is Juliets wedding ring which is not only a symbol of marriage and love but also has the religious cross engraved on it. There is constant tension and suspension of what is going to happen. When Romeo and Juliet are married and he goes to kiss his bride, we cut to a scene of Benvolio and Mercutio on the beach and a shot is fired. There is talk of a brawl. Tybalt arrives. There is great use of camera angles here as Mercutio runs at the camera and it pans around to show Tybalt backing away but with short images of him taunting and egging Mercutio on. Tybalt stabs Mercutio with a piece of glass, this is a new adaptation as they do not use swords anymore. This was well thought of as in the play Mercutio follows being stabbed with the lines a scratch, a scratch. There is almost like a stage set up on the beach and this resembles the theatre performances of Romeo and Juliet as we see Romeo and Mercutio on the stage saying lines and the other characters are down below looking up. We are then given more tension with pathetic fallacy that is common in plays, films and novels, when the weather reflects the mood of the play. A storm is brewing and it becomes very windy, we see people lock up their shops and people driving away. The music is also very dramatic. This makes the scene very tense for the audience and makes them curious about what is about to happen. We are then brought to Juliets room with her talking about her excitement and happiness with her new marriage and new love and all of a sudden the camera cuts to a rage filled Romeo screaming and driving extremely fast after Tybalt, there is a car crash and Romeo is standing there pointing a gun at Tybalt. Just as he pulls the trigger and shoots him, the camera cuts back to a shocked looking Juliet as if it was her that was hit with the bullet. This was a great use of imagery as we see just how much of an impact Romeos actions will have on Juliet and many others. This also links in with the line that Romeo say further on as if that name shot from the deadly level of a gun did murder her speaking of Juliet. Romeo is then haunted by hi s actions. As he sleeps he is awoken suddenly by the sound of a gun shot and we see a flash back of Tybalt dying. We see water used again in the next scene as Romeo falls from the balcony into the swimming pool and Juliet looks at him and says Oh God, I have an ill divine soul, me thinks I see thee now, thou art so low as one dead at the bottom of a tomb. Romeo sinks beneath the surface of the water almost as if he is drowning. Romeo is sent to exile and when he hears of Juliets death the panic and fear is represented well with the panic and fear of Romeo returning to Verona Beach. We have the Priest panicking that his letter never reached Romeo. There are helicopters and police cars with the sound of police sirens. The music gets faster and we see fast cars and then there is a bit of a car chase. We feel the hectic panic of everyone through these quick, short, loud and frantic scenes. Romeo reaches the tomb where Juliet is laying. We see the image of him walking down towards her body just as we did in the earlier scene when he described his dream. The slow music and his slow walking are a complete contrast to the last scene. Romeo mourns over his dead wife. The tension here builds for the audience as we known that Juliet is about to wake shortly and we can see her body twitching but Romeo can not. He sits up to take the poison just as we have a close up of Juliets eyes opening. She is awake but does not speak. Romeo has not yet taken the poison which makes the audience want to scream at the screen Dont do it. It frustrates the viewer as well because Juliet does not speak to him, if she did she could have prevented the tragedy. Just as Romeo takes the poison Juliet touches his cheek and we have a very quick reflex from Romeo as he realises she is awake and that he cant go back. Juliet finally realising what is happening begins to panic. The line thus with a kiss I die was rearrange in the scene until after he has taken the poison to make it more dramatic and to have more of an impact on the audience. The silence after the his death makes this scene so tense, then you hear the sound of her crying and the sound of her loading the gun, and the sound of the gun shot echoes. The camera pans back to show the two lovers happy in death and we see a flashback of the night that they met and happy moments that they have shared. This reminds the audience of their troubled but happy relationship and helps the viewer to connect to the tragedy that has just happened. The news report is shown again as the television fades into the background and the film ends, leaving the ending dramatic and heart wrenching. Luhrmann changes in this scene have the effect of changing the focus and theme of the scene from the broader issues of rash youth and social conflict to a narrower focus on the tragic love of Romeo and Juliet. Only having Romeo and Juliet in this scene f ocuses the conflict on the tragic failure of their happiness and love. The audience want to focus on the lovers as it is the point of the story but there are much broader themes to it also. The cast which Baz Luhrmann chose played well into his idea of wanting to broaden the horizons on the audiences that enjoyed Shakespeare. Succeeding in attracting a huge youth fan club, it helped that he had cast the young handsome Leonardo Di Caprio. Having famous people in the film immediately attracts a big audience. Claire Danes plays a beautiful Juliet. Other famous people such as Paul Rudd, who has come increasingly popular, along with Diane Venora, Pete Postlethwaite and many others. Baz Luhrmanns adaptation of Romeo and Juliet does not seem out-dated even though it is 11 years old. It is still referred to as the new Romeo and Juliet. What is so great about this version is how Shakespeares language is untouched but worked in and fitted so magnificently into the modern day life. Luhrmann makes his film into an almost theatrical experience. . The most brilliant aspect of the movie is the urban landscape setting, the lighting, and the cinematography. There is comedy, romance and tragedy infused together in this film. This is a remarkable film, filled with love, passion, hate, power, etc. Luhrmann wanted to entertain his audience with the timeless love of Romeo and Juliet and in my opinion he succeeded in doing so with an unforgettable adaptation of William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. Sources Luhrmann, Baz. 1996, William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet

Hurricane Katrina Essay -- Natural Disasters Papers

Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina has been one the most devastating natural disasters to hit USA ever costing a total of 125 billion dollars, and leaving almost 1000 dead. We need to look at ways of preventing such a disaster. As this is the only problem, we can predict and perceive how dangerous a hurricane can be but preventing one is a different matter entirely. The U.S. National Hurricane Centre (NHC) reported on August 23 that Tropical Depression Twelve had formed over the south-eastern Bahamas this was soon to be named hurricane Katrina, it was upgraded to a hurricane on the 25th of august, it hit land the same day lousing its strength while travailing over Florida. Although on the 26th of August it grew it to a category 2 hurricane. It became clear the storm was headed for Mississippi and Louisiana. The next day the hurricane grew to category 3 and again the day after, the storm grew in intensity and on August the 28th it became category 5 with winds up 214mph. Katrina made...

Literary Allusions in Eliots The Hollow Men :: Eliot The Hollow Men Essays

Literary Allusions in Eliot's The Hollow Men      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scholars have long endeavored to identify the sources of various images in T. S. Eliot's work, so densely layered with literary allusions. As Eliot himself noted in his essay "Philip Massinger" (1920),    One of the surest of tests is the way in which a poet borrows. Immature poets imitate, mature poets steal; bad poets deface what they take, and good poets make it into something better, or at least something different.    In Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men," several sources have been posited for the "hollow men . . . the stuffed men / leaning together . . . filled with straw" (lines 1-2). B. C. Southam notes three: that the "hollow . . . stuffed men" are reminiscent of the effigies burned in celebration of Guy Fawkes Day; that "according to Valerie Eliot, the poet had in mind the marionette in Stravinsky's Petrouchka"; and finally, that the "straw-stuffed effigies are associated with harvest rituals celebrating the death of the fertility god or Fisher King."(n1)    In 1963, some years before Southam's summary, John Vickery had proffered an interpretation similar to the third point mentioned. He noted that "the opening lines of `The Hollow Men' with their image of straw-filled creatures, recalls The Golden Bough's account of the straw-man who represents the dead spirit of fertility that revives in the spring when the apple trees begin to blossom."(n2) Whereas Eliot may well have had any or all of these ideas in mind, I suggest that there is yet another connection to be made, namely between Eliot's "hollow . . . stuffed men" and the Roman ritual of the Argei.    In 1922, a few years before Eliot wrote "The Hollow Men," W. Warde Fowler described the particulars of this ritual, which was to him a "fascinating puzzle" and "the first curiosity that enticed" him "into the study of Roman religion," in his book Roman Religious Experience.(n3) The rite according to Fowler occurs    each year on the ides of May, which is in my view rather magical than religious, though the ancients themselves looked upon it as a kind of purification, [namely] the casting into the Tiber from the Pons Sublicius of twenty-four or twenty-seven straw puppets by the Vestal Virgins in the presence of the magistrates and pontifices. Recently an attempt has been made by Wissowa to prove that this strange ceremony was not primitive, but simply a case of substitution of puppets for real human victims as late as the age of the Punic wars.

Pride And Prejudice :: essays research papers

English Essay " I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can " How does Jane Austen reflect "folly and nonsense" in Pride and Prejudice ? " For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbours, and laugh at them in our turn? Jane Austen , Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen wrote her novels in the style of the Augusten Period, which was a period that emphasised common sense, moderation, reason over emotion, and elegance over brevity. She therefore ridicules those who refuse to stay within the bounds of social behaviour. It is possible to see within each character a certain amount of inconsistency, whether in behaviour ,attitude or manner. In the beginning of the novel Mr.Bingley is described by Jane - " He is just what a young man ought to be," she said, "sensible, good humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners!- so much ease with such perfect good breeding!" to which Elizabeth replies in further praise " He is also handsome," replied Elizabeth "which a young man ought likewise to be, if he possibly can. His character is thereby complete" These statements do not reflect the emotion present in statements made about him later in the book - " I begin to feel sorry that he comes at all," said Jane to her sister. "It would be nothing; I could see him with perfect indifference, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. . Happy shall I be when his stay at Netherfield is over!" From the above remarks it is clear to see the changing in perception of others, namely Lizzie, and Jane on Mr.Bingley. This change stems from the lack of constancy on Mr.Bingleys part. He lacks a strong character and is like clay, i.e. he is easily moulded by his peers. This can be seen in Mr.Darcey’s letter to Lizzie where he states-"But Mr.Bingley has a great natural modesty, with a stronger dependence on my judgement than on his own.- To convince him, therefore, that he had deceived himself was no very difficult point".. Jane Austen uses Mr.Bingley’s character to fully depict the fickleness and inconsistency of people who lack firm and strong character. This also serves another purpose, by making fun of such characters Ms.Austen can more fully compliment those who have firm morals, character, depth and consistence.